FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY
Concept design and practical applications
More courses related to optical areas are listed below.
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DATES AND LOCATIONS |
March
4 and 5, 2010. Call for seminar’s location: 216-235-6770 |
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April
19 and 20, 2010. |
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June
17 and 18, 2010. August
19 and 20, 2010. October
4 and 5, 2010. November
15 and 16, 2010. |
ON-SITE TRAINING: For more information,
call at 216-235-6770.
Cost: $1,200.
Registration Contact: 216-235-6770
Course Description
Fiber optic technology has been
grown rapidly in the last decade as is evident from the installation of fiber-optic
telecommunication networks throughout the world. It is further exemplified by
the deployment of undersea fiber cables across the
This course is provided into nine parts:
1. Overview of lightwave
2. Sources
3. Detectors
4. Optical fibers and cables.
5. Fiber splicing and connectors
6. Test, evaluation, and equipment measurements.
7. Optical fiber components for variety of applications
8. Industrial applications of optical sensors.
9. Fiber optic link and system considerations
Hung D. Nguyen, Ph.D.
Dr. Nguyen is a senior engineer for the Space Communication Division of NASA
Glenn Research Center at
This course is suitable to anyone who is already engaged in or wishing to enter the area of optical fibers, or responsible for installation, maintaining, testing and updating optical systems.
BACK .
- Be able to evaluate, troubleshoot, and implement optical systems.
- Be able to read the technical literature with a practical degree of understanding and know how to choose the right components for any particular applications.
- Understanding the design, operation, and performance of optical systems.
- Grasp the practical issues and factors involved with installing and testing fiber-optic cables in plant and field environments.
- Be able to maintain, repair, and install fibers and cables
Overview of lightwave
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ray theory transmission
Refraction and reflection
Critical angle, numerical aperature, refractive index difference
Acceptance angle
Snell's law
Fresnel reflection
Reflection coefficient effect of TE and TM polarization
Brewster angle
Types of polarization states
- Linear, circular, and elliptical polarizations
Jones matrix representations for
- Linear, circular, and elliptical polarization
Field representations of polarization
Which applications require polarization
Polarizing optical systems
- Linear and rotator polarizer
- Wave retarder : Quarter-wave and half-wave retarder.
Coherent state
- Perfect and partial-perfect coherence.
- Coherent time
- Coherent length
Interference states
What optical systems require coherent states
- Irradiance of coherent and incoherent waves
Diffraction
- Single and multiple slits
Interference
In class exercise
Optical Sources
Operating characteristics of light emitting diode (LED)
LED's structures
Types of LEDs
- Surface emitting
- Edge emitting
LED modulation and power output
Radiation pattern
Spectral width output
Tradeoff between surface-emitting and edge-emitting LED
Device performance
Device characteristics
- Modulation response, carrier lifetime, rise time
- Output power at DC and AC state
- Direct modulation of injection current.
Reliability
Applications
Semiconductor laser
Operation of semiconductor laser
Types of semiconductor laser
Double Heterostructure
Buried Heterostructure
Radiation pattern of laser
Laser specification.
- Rise and fall time.
- Threshold current.
- Spectral width.
Tradeoff comparison between double heterostructure and buried lasers
Characteristics of double and buried lasers
Principle of optical cavity resonator
- Free spectral range
- Mode spacing
- Number of longitudal modes
- Finesse
LED and laser emissions
Trade-off comparison between laser and LED
Types of laser diode
- Fabry-perot
- Distributed feedback
Modulation of laser
Pulse, intensity, and external modulation.
In class exercises
Optical Detector
General concepts.
- Quantum efficiency
- Conversion gain
- Rise time
- Minimum detectable signal
- Noise equivalent power
Dynamic range, responsitivity, cutoff wavelength, current gain
Linear operation, dark current, signal current, bandwidth, gain factor
Types of noise
- Thermal noise
- Dark current noise
- Shot noise
- Signal to noise ratio with/without external gain
Types of photodiode
- PIN (Positive-intrinsic negative) photodiode
- APD(Avalanche photodiode)
Characteristics of photodiode
- PIN: Silicon, Germanium, InGaAs
- APD: Silicon, Germanium, InGaAs
Speed of response
Bandwidth
Tradeoff between PIN and Avalanche detector
In class exercises
Optical Fibers and Cables
Construction of fibers
Types of fibers
- Step-index fiber
- Graded index fiber
- Single-mode fiber
Fiber classifications
- Glass fiber
- Plastic-clad-silica fiber
- Plastic fiber
Fiber performances
Dimension of fibers
Advantages/benefits of fibers
Dispersions
- Intramodal dispersion: Material and waveguide.
- Intermodal dispersion: Modal effect
Limited data rate
Methods to reduce dispersions
Characteristics of step-index, graded-index, and single-mode fibers
- Delay difference, pulse broadening, bandwidth-length product
- Refractive index profile, normalized frequency
Types of attenuation
- Rayleigh scattering
- Absorption
- Bending
Multimode fibers
- Step-index type
- Graded-index type
- Structure and performance characteristics
- Refractive index profile
- Normalized frequency
- Number of guided modes.
Single-mode fibers
- Polarization-preserving fiber
- Structure and performance characteristics
- Cut-off wavelength.
- Beat length
Common fiber applications
In class exercise
Conditions of fiber cables
Maximum pulling and operating load
Maximum radius bending
Operating temperature
Mechanical resistances: Impact, crush, and flex
Main parts of cable
Core, cladding, silicone coating.
Buffer, tape, strength member, outer jacket.
Considerations of cable
Strength member
Tensile strength
Axial force
Crush resistance
Torsional/bending stress
Sharp bend
Moisture and chemical exposure
Two types of materials.
Dielectric and nondielectric cables
Cable type
Riser and plenum materials
Buffer coating
Three different buffering systems
Two types of buffer coating.
Loose buffer
Tight buffer
Simplex cable
Single optical fiber
One-way transmission
Direct connectorization
Duplex cable
Two-way transmission
Multifiber cable
Trunk transmission links
Ribbon cable
High density interconnection.
Indoor and outdoor cable
Interconnect cable
Distribution cable
Subgrouping cable
Routed to multiple locations
Arial cable
UV and weather resistance.
Armored cable
Loose tube type.
Military tactical cable
Communications and sensing cables
Aerospace cable
Cable installation
Underground installation
Aerial installation
Indoor installation
Conduit installation
Cables for different applications.
Submarine and undersea.
Industrial.
Military
Metropolitan area networks
Fiber Splicing and Connectors
Connectors and Splices
Introduction
Throughput loss
Return loss
Requirements of good connectors
Multifiber connectors
Mutimode and singlemode connectors
Types of connectors
Connector adapters
Types of splicing
Fusion splicing
Mechanical splicing
Tube splicing
V-groove splicing
Massive ribbon
Metal rod
Non-adhesive splice
Loss in fiber-to-fiber connection
Roughness surface
Lateral misalignment
Angular misalignment
Gap between ends
Types of loss
Insertion, excess, return, and coupling loss
Test, Evaluation, and Equipment Measurement
Field measurements.
Optical source for loss measurements.
Optical test sets.
Continuity test.
Attenuation measurement
- Mode stripper.
- Mode filter.
Fiber loss measurement.
- Cut back method.
Localization of near-end faults.
Dispersion measurement.
- Time domain method.
- Frequency domain method
Optical analyzer.
Attenuation as a function of source wavelength.
Bandwidth and dispersion.
Numerical aperture
Connectorized loss measurement.
- Multimode connectors.
- Single mode connectors.
Test double end connectorized cables.
Optical component loss measurement.
Scattering loss measurement.
Free space power measurement.
Numerical aperture measurement.
Transmission loss for optical waveguide
Cut-back technique
Prism technique.
Wavelength measurement.
Spectral measurement.
Laser line-width measurement
Return loss measurement.
Back reflection.
Laser chirp measurement.
Modulation bandwidth measurement.
Bit error rate.
Optical time-domain reflectometer. (OTDR)
Link loss measurements
Reflecance and return loss measurement
Length measurement
Breaks in cable
Splice evaluation
Fault location
Measurement of coherence time and length
Optical Fiber Components and System Applications
Physical phenomena used to control guided waves.
- Amplitude modulation.
- Phase modulation.
- Deflection.
- Diffraction. Switching.
- Mode conversion.
Comparison of free space elements and integrated optical elements.
- Beam expander.
- Beam narrower.
- Beam modulator.
- Beam switching.
- Polarizer.
Types of waveguide structures on substrate.
- Straight, star, and y-branch waveguides.
- Branching waveguide structure.
- Y-combiner structure.
Reciprocity.
Displacement sensor using Michelson interferometer.
Evanescent field sensor.
Gyroscope on chip and substrate.
Electric field sensor.
Passive and active devices.
Basic operations of couplers.
Types of loss.
- Throughput , tap, isolation , insertion, directionality, and excess loss.
Types of waveguide couplers.
- Y-junction , splitter, merging couplers.
Types of fiber couplers.
- T coupler: Grin rod and beamsplitter lenses.
- Star coupler: Transmission and reflective star
- Directional coupler.
- Wavelength selectivity.
- Wavelength division multiplexer.
- Micro-optical coupler.
- Fiber coupler.
Passive waveguide devices.
Concept of coupling between waveguides.
Coupling length
Directional coupling waveguides.
Single mode optical 1 x N star coupler
Demultiplexer
Diffraction-grating
Grin-rod lens and interference filter
Interference filter
Bragg gratings
Mode filter
Concave grating filter
Multiplexer
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Power splitter
Directional coupler
Optical path bending device
Facet-mirror
Refractive-effect grating
Reflective-effect grating
Active waveguide devices.
Filter
Interferometer wavelength filter.
Acoustic-optical tunable filter
Cross-talk
Channel separation
Wavelength isolation
Electro-optic filter
Semiconductor distributed-feedback filter
Wavelength-division multiplexer.
Optical modulators
Modulation of light: Direct and external modulation
Wavelength chirping
Polarization modulator
Absorption modulator
Amplitude modulator
Traveling wave modulator
Phase modulator
Phase-matched polarization modulator
Optical switching devices.
Directional switching coupler
Internal reflection switch
Brag-diffraction switch
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch
Phase modulator integrated with polarizer
Polarization controller.
TE - TM mode converter.
TE/TM polarization splitter.
Photoelastic waveguide and polarizer
Optical isolator
Circulator.
Semiconductor and doped-fiber amplifier
Fabry-perot amplifier
Traveling wave amplifier
Attenuator
Industrial Applications of Optical Sensors
Introduction
Components required for optical sensor
Types of optical sensors
Amplitude sensor
Phase sensor
Amplitude sensor
Variable fiber coupling
Back reflected light
Shutter structure
Microbending effect
Phase modulation
Rotational effect
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Multimode effect
Variations of detection
Advantages of optical sensors
Two classes of sensing devices
Extrinsic sensor
Intrinsic sensor
Intensity-Modulated sensor
Grating concept
Shutter concept
Microswitching concept
Displacement sensor
Longitude concept
Differential concept
Vertical, and angular effect
Attenuation sensor
Microbend concept
Chemical in water effect
Cross-talk concept
Level effect
Reflective sensor
Single fiber
Fiber bundle
Multimode optical fiber sensors
Types of measurements
Movement
Position
Displacement
Temperature
Pressure
Single mode fiber sensors
Types of interferometer.
Mach-Zehnder
Michelson
Fabry perot
Sagnac
In class exercise
Fiber Optic Link and System Considerations
System design considerations
- Short distance- LAN system.
- Medium distance- Inter-central office system.
- Long distance- Toll-office trunk system.
Influence of system choice
Bandwidth, loss budget, size and weight consideration,
system cost, reliability, distance of operations.
Launched power, fiber choice, component loss, total channel loss
Signal-to-noise ratio, system rise time, maximum bit rate
Required safety margin, receiver sensitivity.
Fiber transmission systems.
Optical/digital transmission link.
Components of fiber link.
- Transmitter
- Channel.
- Receiver.
Bandwidth limited by dispersion.
Maximum transmission distance limited by dispersion.
System power budget.
In-class exercise.
INFORMATION ON REGISTRATION.
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TIME :8:00 – 5:00 FEES : $1,200. 3-way of Payment: 1.Check payable to : Lightwave Technology Corp.
(Mail to: Lightwave Technology Corp., 2. Purchase order attached : # 3. Invoice my company: Attention : Seminar Location: To be announced. |
IN-HOUSE
SEMINAR INFORMATION
Date: 2 days
Time: 8:00 - 5:00
Maximum students per training
section: 20
Fees: $ 7,800. ( Fee includes travel
expense and class materials)
POLICY
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DEAD LINE REGISTRATION |
Registration by regular or electronic mail must be received at least 14
days before the first day of class (course date) |
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REFUND POLICY |
Full refund if class is cancelled. Otherwise, 20% refund less than 7 days
before the first day of class. No refund is granted the first day of class. |
Lightwave Technology Corp. reserves the right to cancel
class if there is inadequate enrollment.
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