OPTICAL
NETWORKS
Design,
Development, and Applications.
More courses related to optical areas are listed below.
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DATES AND LOCATIONS |
April
28 and 29, 2008. Call for seminar’s location: 216-235-6770 |
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May
12 and 13, 2008. |
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July
7 and 8, 2008. August
14 and 15, 2008. September
29 and 30, 2008. October
9 and 10, 2008. December
4 and 5, 2007. |
ON-SITE TRAINING: For
more information, call at 216-235-6770.
Cost: $1,200.
Registration Contact: 216-235-6770
Course Description
Development and installation of fiber telecommunication and networking systems are progressing within both national telecommunication networks and more localized data communication and telemetry environments. The growth in bandwidth requires a flexible optical network. For an upgrade of the bandwidth a choice can be made between several options: using spare fibers, increasing the electronic data rate, or using multi wavelength communications. An example of how lightwave technology is influencing our society is provided by the recent use of optical fibers by the cable-television and internet industries for analog/digital distribution through a technique known as subcarrier multiplexing. This huge change from coaxial cables to optical fibers can increase the transmission capacity by an order of magnitude or more ( 109 bits per second), making it possible to transmit hundreds of channels to each subscriber. Other areas of study involve the attempt to use the massive bandwidth or spectrum-space in optical transmission media to ease or solve routing problems. For example, studies of wavelength-division multiplexing techniques look very promising for optical systems. The objective of this course is to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date account of fiber networking systems and engineering aspects are also discussed through out the course. This course will provide participants with a firm grounding in the major aspects of this new technology while giving an insight into the possible future developments within the field. The philosophy is not only to provide detailed descriptions on selective subject areas, but to deal with the material at a level that makes it immediately useful to the practicing scientist and engineer. In each section, we have provided practical problems that deal with "real-world" situations, and detailed references. No background optical communications prerequisites are expected for this course.
This course is provided into eleven parts:
- Overview of lightwave
- Sources and detectors for networking
- Optical fibers, cables, splicing, and connectors.
- Plant and field installations, equipment measurements, and testing techniques.
- Optical components for networking systems
- Photonic switching systems.
- SONET, Ethernet, and multi-channel transmission.
- Local and wide area network.
- Multiaccess and routing in optical network.
- Dense wavelength division multiplexing networks.
- System architectures and design consideration.
Hung D. Nguyen, Ph.D.
Dr. Nguyen is a senior engineer for the Space Communication Division of NASA
Glenn Research Center at
Practicing engineers, consultants, marketing and sale personnel etc., desire either an introduction or overview/review of telecommunication and network systems.
BACK .
- Gain a broad understanding of almost all aspects of telecom and network systems.
- Understanding the designs, architectures, operations, and capabilities of fiber systems
- Be able to read the technical literature with a practical degree of understanding and to understand manufacturer's data sheets
- Understand the structures and performances of fiber cables and many components widely used in integrated network systems
- Grasp the practical issues and factors involved with installing and testing fiber-optic cables in plant and field environments.
- Recognizing conventional and new telecommunication systems architectures
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ray theory transmission
Refraction and reflection
Critical angle, numerical aperature, refractive index difference
Acceptance angle
Snell's law
Fresnel reflection
Reflection coefficient effect of TE and TM polarization
Brewster angle
Types of polarization states
- Linear, circular, and elliptical polarizations
Jones matrix representations for
- Linear, circular, and elliptical polarization
Field representations of polarization
Which applications require polarization
Polarizing optical systems
- Linear and rotator polarizer
- Wave retarder : Quarter-wave and half-wave retarder.
Coherent state
- Perfect and partial-perfect coherence.
- Coherent time
- Coherent length
Interference states
What optical systems require coherent states
- Irradiance of coherent and incoherent waves
Diffraction
- Single and multiple slits
Interference
In class exercise
Sources and Detectors for Networking.
Operating characteristics of light emitting diode (LED)
LED's structures
Types of LEDs
- Surface emitting
- Edge emitting
LED modulation and power output
Radiation pattern
Spectral width output
Tradeoff between surface-emitting and edge-emitting LED
Device performance
Device characteristics
- Modulation response, carrier lifetime, rise time
- Output power at DC and AC state
- Direct modulation of injection current.
Reliability
Applications
Semiconductor laser
Operation of semiconductor laser
Types of semiconductor laser
Double Heterostructure
Buried Heterostructure
Radiation pattern of laser
Laser specification.
- Rise and fall time.
- Threshold current.
- Spectral width.
Tradeoff comparison between double heterostructure and buried lasers
Characteristics of double and buried lasers
Principle of optical cavity resonator
- Free spectral range
- Mode spacing
- Number of longitudal modes
- Finesse
LED and laser emissions
Trade-off comparison between laser and LED
Types of laser diode
- Fabry-perot
- Distributed feedback
Modulation of laser
Pulse, intensity, and external modulation.
General concepts.
- Quantum efficiency
- Conversion gain
- Rise time
- Minimum detectable signal
- Noise equivalent power
Dynamic range, responsitivity, cutoff wavelength, current gain
Linear operation, dark current, signal current, bandwidth, gain factor
Types of noise
- Thermal noise
- Dark current noise
- Shot noise
- Signal to noise ratio with/without external gain
Types of photodiode
- PIN (Positive-intrinsic negative) photodiode
- APD(Avalanche photodiode)
Characteristics of photodiode
- PIN: Silicon, Germanium, InGaAs
- APD: Silicon, Germanium, InGaAs
Speed of response
Bandwidth
Tradeoff between PIN and Avalanche detector
In class exercises
Optical Fibers, Cables, Splicing, and
Connectors.
Construction of fibers
Types of fibers
- Step-index fiber
- Graded index fiber
- Single-mode fiber
Fiber classifications
- Glass fiber
- Plastic-clad-silica fiber
- Plastic fiber
Fiber performances
Dimension of fibers
Advantages/benefits of fibers
Dispersions
- Intramodal dispersion: Material and waveguide.
- Intermodal dispersion: Modal effect
Limited data rate
Methods to reduce dispersions
Characteristics of step-index, graded-index, and single-mode fibers
- Delay difference, pulse broadening, bandwidth-length product
- Refractive index profile, normalized frequency
Types of attenuation
- Rayleigh scattering
- Absorption
- Bending
Multimode fibers
- Step-index type
- Graded-index type
- Structure and performance characteristics
- Refractive index profile
- Normalized frequency
- Number of guided modes.
Single-mode fibers
- Polarization-preserving fiber
- Structure and performance characteristics
- Cut-off wavelength.
- Beat length
Common fiber applications
Conditions of fiber cables
Maximum pulling and operating load
Maximum radius bending
Operating temperature
Mechanical resistances: Impact, crush, and flex
Main parts of cable
Core, cladding, silicone coating.
Buffer, tape, strength member, outer jacket.
Considerations of cable
Strength member
Tensile strength
Axial force
Crush resistance
Torsional/bending stress
Sharp bend
Moisture and chemical exposure
Two types of materials.
Dielectric and nondielectric cables
Cable type
Riser and plenum materials
Buffer coating
Three different buffering systems
Two types of buffer coating.
Loose buffer
Tight buffer
Simplex cable
Single optical fiber
One-way transmission
Direct connectorization
Duplex cable
Two-way transmission
Multifiber cable
Trunk transmission links
Ribbon cable
High density interconnection.
Indoor and outdoor cable
Interconnect cable
Distribution cable
Subgrouping cable
Routed to multiple locations
Arial cable
UV and weather resistance.
Armored cable
Loose tube type.
Military tactical cable
Communications and sensing cables
Aerospace cable
Cable installation
Underground installation
Aerial installation
Indoor installation
Conduit installation
Cables for different applications.
Submarine and undersea.
Industrial.
Military
Metropolitan area networks
Connectors and Splices
Introduction
Throughput loss
Return loss
Requirements of good connectors
Multifiber connectors
Mutimode and singlemode connectors
Types of connectors
Connector adapters
Types of splicing
Fusion splicing
Mechanical splicing
Tube splicing
V-groove splicing
Massive ribbon
Metal rod
Non-adhesive splice
Loss in fiber-to-fiber connection
Roughness surface
Lateral misalignment
Angular misalignment
Gap between ends
Types of loss
Insertion, excess, return, and coupling loss
Plant and Field Installations,
Equipment Measurements, and Testing Techniques.
Field measurements.
Optical source for loss measurements.
Optical test sets.
Continuity test.
Attenuation measurement
- Mode stripper.
- Mode filter.
Fiber loss measurement.
- Cut back method.
Localization of near-end faults.
Dispersion measurement.
- Time domain method.
- Frequency domain method
Optical analyzer.
Attenuation as a function of source wavelength.
Bandwidth and dispersion.
Numerical aperture
Connectorized loss measurement.
- Multimode connectors.
- Single mode connectors.
Test double end connectorized cables.
Optical component loss measurement.
Scattering loss measurement.
Free space power measurement.
Numerical aperture measurement.
Transmission loss for optical waveguide
Cut-back technique
Prism technique.
Wavelength measurement.
Spectral measurement.
Laser line-width measurement
Return loss measurement.
Back reflection.
Laser chirp measurement.
Modulation bandwidth measurement.
Bit error rate.
Optical time-domain reflectometer. (OTDR)
Link loss measurements
Reflecance and return loss measurement
Length measurement
Breaks in cable
Splice evaluation
Fault location
Measurement of coherence time and length
Optical Components for Networking Systems
Passive and active devices.
Basic operations of couplers.
Types of loss.
- Throughput , tap, isolation , insertion, directionality, and excess loss.
Types of waveguide couplers.
- Y-junction , splitter, merging couplers.
Types of fiber couplers.
- T coupler: Grin rod and beamsplitter lenses.
- Star coupler: Transmission and reflective star
- Directional coupler.
- Wavelength selectivity.
- Wavelength division multiplexer.
- Micro-optical coupler.
- Fiber coupler.
Demultiplexer
Diffraction-grating
Grin-rod lens and interference filter
Interference filter
Bragg gratings
Mode filter
Concave grating filter
Multiplexer
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Power splitter
Directional coupler
Filter
Interferometer wavelength filter.
Acoustic-optical tunable filter
Cross-talk
Channel separation
Wavelength isolation
Electro-optic filter
Semiconductor distributed-feedback filter
Wavelength-division multiplexer.
Optical modulators
Modulation of light: Direct and external modulation
Wavelength chirping
Polarization modulator
Absorption modulator
Amplitude modulator
Traveling wave modulator
Phase modulator
Phase-matched polarization modulator
Semiconductor and doped-fiber amplifier
Fabry-perot amplifier
Traveling wave amplifier
Attenuator
Photonic Switching Systems.
Overview of optical switching technologies.
Technology advances.
Photonic switch applications.
Device demonstrations and designs
Wideband packet switch networks.
Optical switching networks.
- Packet switched architecture.
- Ring switch architecture.
- Spacing-division switching network.
- Time-division multiplexing switching network.
· Linear bus configuration.
· Binary tree configuration.
- Wavelength division switching network.
- Crossbar model.
· Point-to-point architecture.
· Number of switch elements, signal-to-noise ratio, insertion loss.
- N-stage planar model.
· Point-to-point architecture.
· N stages of switch elements (directional couplers).
· Number of switch elements, signal-to-noise ratio, insertion loss.
- Double crossbar model.
· Point-to-point architecture.
· Number of switch elements, signal-to-noise ratio, insertion loss.
- Benes model.
· Point-to-point architecture.
· Number of switch elements, signal-to-noise ratio, insertion loss.
- Clos model.
· Point-to-point architecture.
· Number of switch elements, signal-to-noise ratio, insertion loss.
- Multiple substrate architectures.
· Two stage point- to- point architecture.
· Two stage broadcast architecture.
- Micro-mechanical 2 x 2 switch.
- Free-space MEMS optical switch.
Optical path bending device
Facet-mirror
Refractive-effect grating
Reflective-effect grating
Optical switching devices.
Directional switching coupler
Internal reflection switch
Brag-diffraction switch
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch
SONET, Ethernet, and Multichannel transmission.
Synchronous optical network. (SONET)
- Synchronous frame structure.
- Transport overhead
- Path overhead
- Payload envelope.
- SONET point-to-point link
- SONET chain of add/drop multiplexer.
- SONET ring of add/drop multiplexer.
Ethernet.
- Active star coupler
- Passive star coupler
- Ethernet LAN expansion.
- Collision detection.
- Token-passing ring.
Types of optical transmission.
- Time division multiplexing system.
- Wavelength division multiplexing system.
- Frequency division multiplexing system.
Multi-channel transmission.
- One direction.
- Two direction.
Multi-channels
- Electrical multiplexer.
- Optical multiplexer.
High-capacity multichannel system.
- Tunable filter DFB laser
- Erbium-doped fiber amplifier.
- Add/drop multiplexer
Trunk-and-branch network.
Fiber-oriented wireless access system.
- Main carriers.
- Subcarriers.
- Signal extraction with frequency arrangement.
Wide-band video service in local network.
- Direct modulation method
- External modulation method.
- System performance.
System evaluation.
Photonic RF mixer /transmitter/receiver.
CATV system architecture
Central office systems.
- Central office network topology.
Local Area Network
Wavelength division multiplexing network.
- Model of local access network
- Hub.
- Feeder
- Distribution
- Network interface unit.
Architecture of broadband/access network.
- Bus configuration: Connection between central offices and remote notes.
- Star-star configuration: High number of subscribers (internet's users)
Residential broadband network.
Local distribution network.
Overview of local area network.
- Distribution of high-speed digital signals.
- Workgroup, organization, and enterprise LANs
- Schematic of long-haul / loop distribution transmission.
Local area networks (LAN) configurations.
- Star network.
- Ring network.
- Mesh network.
- Bus network.
- Tree network.
LAN architectures.
- Broadband integrated digital service network (B-IDSN).
- Fiber-to-home and business buildings.
- Remote-to-home nodes.
- Central office and remote station.
Branching/inversion of optical signal
Distribution network.
- Power splitting optical network.
- Wavelength division multiplexing network.
- Multifrequency laser and detection network.
Corporate-network ring.
Multiaccess and Routing in Optical Networks.
System integration process.
- Point-to-point link.
- Point-to-multipoint: Broadcast.
- Multipoint-to-point: Network.
- Half-duplex transmission
- Full-duplex transmission.
Categories of transmission systems.
- Short, medium, and long distance.
Broadband network architecture.
- Master hub.
- Link hub
- Remote note.
All optical network architectures.
- High-speed wavelength division multiplexer.
- Wide area network.
- Metropolitan area network.
- Local area network.
Optical network technology consortium all-optical network.
Bi-directional multiplexing transmission.
- Space division.
- Wavelength division.
- Wavelength splitter.
- Polarization division.
- Optical circulator.
Trunk-and-branch network.
Fiber-oriented wireless access system.
- Main carriers.
- Subcarriers.
- Signal extraction with frequency arrangement.
Wide-band video service in local network.
- Direct modulation method
- External modulation method.
- System performance.
System evaluation.
Photonic RF mixer /transmitter/receiver.
CATV system architecture
Central office systems.
- Central office network topology.
Optical add/drop technology.
Regional hub WDM ring network.
Undersea lightwave system.
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing Networks.
Principles and applications.
Wavelength routing network.
Broadcast and select network.
Wavelength selective space division switching fabric.
Wavelength switch.
Point-to-point connection.
Multicast connection.
Network applications of acoustooptic tunable wavelength filter (AOTF).
Add-drop node for WDM systems.
Local loop distribution .
Tunable wavelength tap.
System Architecture and Design Consideration
System design considerations
- Short distance- LAN system.
- Medium distance- Inter-central office system.
- Long distance- Toll-office trunk system.
Influence of system choice
Bandwidth, loss budget, size and weight consideration,
system cost, reliability, distance of operations.
Launched power, fiber choice, component loss, total channel loss
Signal-to-noise ratio, system rise time, maximum bit rate
Required safety margin, receiver sensitivity.
Fiber transmission systems.
Optical/digital transmission link.
Components of fiber link.
- Transmitter
- Channel.
- Receiver.
Bandwidth limited by dispersion.
Maximum transmission distance limited by dispersion.
System power budget.
In-class exercise.
Vendor/Point
of Contact:
Hung Nguyen, Ph.D.
Director
(216)235-6770
INFORMATION ON REGISTRATION
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TIME : 8:00 – 5:00 FEES :
$1,200. 3-way of Payment: 1.Check payable to : Lightwave
Technology Corp. (Mail to: Lightwave Technology
Corp., 2. Purchase order attached : # 3. Invoice my company: Attention : Seminar Location: To be announced. |
IN-HOUSE SEMINAR INFORMATION.
Date: 2 days
Time: 8:00 - 5:00
Maximum students per training
section: 20
Fees: $ 7,800. (
Fee includes travel expense and class materials)
POLICY
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DEAD LINE REGISTRATION |
Registration by regular or electronic mail must be received at least 14
days before the first day of class (course date) |
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REFUND POLICY |
Full refund if class is cancelled. Otherwise, 20% refund less than 7 days
before the first day of class. No refund is granted the first day of class. |
Lightwave Technology
Corp. reserves the right to cancel class if there is inadequate enrollment.
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